Pam 

Africa 


Historical  Sketch 


of  tt»e 


MISSIONS 


in 


AFRICA 


•  •  •  • 


under  tiae  care  of  tlie 

BOARD  OK  KORBIGN  MISSIONS  OK  TTHE 
RRESBYTTERIAN  CHURCH 


F'OUR'TH  EDITION 


(Revised) 


WOMAN’S  FOREIGN  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY  OF  THE 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 
Witherspoon  Building,  Philadelphia 

1897 


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BartlLolomevr 


AFRICA. 


Gaboon  and  Corisco  Mission. 


Physical 

Aspects 


I 


This  mission  occupies  the  Island  of  Corisco,  and  the  shore 
of  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  from  the  equator  to  near  Kamerun 
Bay,  4°  north  latitude.  It  also  extends  east  into  the  interior 
about  150  miles  behind  the  coast  belt  at  Batanga. 

The  coast  line  is  low,  rising  towards  and 
below  the  equator.  The  navigation  of  the 
shore  is  dangerous,  with  reefs  and  isolated 
rocks;  and  the  mouths  of  the  numerous  rivers  are  obstructed 
by  sand-bars.  Close  to  the  hard,  yellowish  sand  beach  is  a 
dense  growth  of  bushes,  flowering  vines  and  low  trees, 
above  which  tower  the  gracefully-rounded  heads  of  the  coco, 
oil,  bamboo  and  other  palms.  This  narrow  strip  of  jungle 
follows  the  shore  line.  Behind  it  is  a  belt  of  sandy  swamps, 
covered  with  tufts  of  coarse  grass,  which  gives  pasture  to 
herds  of  oxen,  antelopes  and  other  wild  animals.  Back  of 
this,  at  an  average  distance  of  a  mile  from  the  sea,  the  land 
slowly  rises  and  bears  a  heavy  growth  of  timber,  extending 
.inland  200 30(^miles.  In  this  forest  are  found  elephants, 
oxen,  pigs,  antelopes,  gazelles,  monkeys,  chimpanzees, 
gorillas  and  other  animals;  and  the  numerous  rivers  swarm 
with  hippopotami.  The  Benita,  Muni,  Gaboon  and  Ogowe 
drain  the  country,  and  are  fed  by  many  small  affluents.  A 
chain  of  mountains,  the  Sierra  del  Crystal,  runs  southeast 
from  Batanga,  where  it  juts  into  the  sea,  until  it  strikes  the 
Congo  far  inland,  making  the  “  Yellala  Falls”  of  Capt. 
Tuckey. 

The  natives  roam  through  the  forests,  hunt- 
The  People  ing  ivory  and  gathering  ebony,  dye-woods, 
palm-oil,  and  gums,  copal  and  caoutchouc. 
But  they  build  their  villages  only  on  the  banks  of  streams 
for  convenience  of  their  canoes  and  boats,  the  water  courses 
being  their  only  highways.  Their  farms  of  plantains,  cassava, 
maize,  sugar-cane,  etc.,  are  made  in  forest  clearings.  Their 


4 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


features  and  color  are  those  of  the  typical  negro;  but  in  the 
features  there  is  great  variety,  some  tribes  being  much  more 
delicately  fashioned  than  others,  even  to  a  degree  of  beauty; 
and  among  the  tribes  farther  from  the  coast  the  shades  of 
color  become  less  dark.  In  the  more  open  country  of  the 
far  interior  are  large,  populous  towns.  The  tribes  are  very 
numerous  and  exceedingly  clannish.  Kach  possesses  its 
own  dialect  belonging  to  the  great  Bantu  family  of  languages, 
which  covers  the  entire  equatorial  portion  of  Africa  between 
the  South  Atlantic  and  Indian  Oceans,  and  from  3°  north 
latitude  as  far  south  as  Znlu-land. 

The  government  of  the  region  included  in 
Government  our  mission  field  is  nominally  under  foreign 
powers  ;  Germany  at  the  northern  end,  and 
France  on  the  equator.  Benito  and  the  region  around,  and 
also'  the  island  of  Corisco  are  claimed  by  both  France  and 
Spain,  the  latter,  however,  being  in  possession  at  present. 
The  natives  originally  lived  under  a  patriarchal  form  of 
government,  no  tribe  being  governed  by  any  one  ruler,  but 
each  village  directed  by  a  local  “chief”  or  “headman,” 
mistakenly  called  “king,”  whose  position  was  due  only  to 
his  being  senior  member  of  the  family,  and  who  had  authority 
only  so  far  as  his  age  or  force  of  character  could  command 
respect.  This  form  of  government  still  holds  in  the  interior, 
even  where  France  and  Germany  claim  authority,  but  near 
the  coast  it  is  more  form  than  substance,  the  foreign  govern¬ 
ments  insisting  on  a  measure  of  compliance  with  their 
methods  of  colonial  control. 

(  i)  There  are  no 
paths  are  trodden 
emigrating  from 
another.  The  beach  on  the  coast  can  be  traversed  by  horse 
or  donkey  or  hammock-bearer.  But  almost  all  the  travel 
and  trade  are  done  in  native  canoes  and  boats  dug  from  a 
single  tree-trunk,  and  by  small  foreign  sloops,  schooners  and 
steam  launches.  Our  missionary  travel  had  always  been  by 
small,  open  boats,  dangerously  traversing  by  sail  the  ocean 
for  distances  of  a  hundred  miles  or  more,  and  by  oar  the 
inland  rivers,  until  in  1871  was  purchased  for  the  mission  a 
handsome  rapid-sailing,  sloop-rigged  yacht,  the  “Fife,” 
which  was  most  comfortable  and  serviceable  for  two  years, 
when,  by  an  unwise  economy  in  dispensing  with  a  responsible 
captain,  it  was  lost  on  Corisco  rocks.  It  was  replaced  by 
the  “Hudson,”  a  small  schooner  of  twelve  tons,  which. 


Distinctive 

Features 


roads. — The  narrow  forest 
single-file  in  hunting  or  in 
the  bank  of  one  river  to 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  AFRICA. 


5 


though  safe  and  useful,  was,  by  her  painful  slowness,  a  dis¬ 
comfort,  and  required  constant  repairs  because  of  the  faulty 
materials  of  which  she  was  built.  In  1885,  the  “Nassau,” 
a  small  sloop,  was  built  in  Liverpool,  mainly  bj^  funds  raised 
among  children  in  Sunday-schools  and  Mission  Bands  in 
America,  and  is  used  along  the  coast  in  the  service  of  the 
mission.  Because  of  the  increase  of  steamer  traffic  along 
the  coast  and  the  greater  rapidity  and  comfort  of  travel  in 
this  way,  it  is  probable  that  the  service  of  the  Nassau  may 
be  discontinued.  The  interior  stations  are  reached  by  walk¬ 
ing  through  the  Bush .  Hammocks  borne  on  men ’s  shoulders 
are  used  when  necessary,  as  in  cases  of  illness  or  in  trans¬ 
porting  ladies. 

(  2 )  There  is  no  currency. — All  payments  are  made  in  barter 
of  beads,  knives,  fish-hooks,  plates,  calico  prints,  etc.,  etc 
With  these  we  buy  materials  for  building  houses,  pay  boat¬ 
men  or  other  employes,  and  buy  food  for  ourselves  and 
school-children.  The  transportation  of  loads  of  these  goods 
by  boat  or  on  the  backs  of  porters,  as  described  by  Stanley, 
Du  Chaillu  and  other  African  travelers,  is  a  great  hindrance 
to  rapid  progress. 

(3)  There  zvas  no  zxjritten  language  of  the  dialects  in  our 
mission  field  until  the  Mpongwe  was  reduced  in  1843  by 
Rev.  Messrs.  J.  L  Wilson  and  William  Walker.  Other 
dialects  have  since  been  written;  the  Benga  by  Rev.  J.  L- 
Mackey,  the  Dikele  by  Rev.  Messrs.  Best  and  Preston,  the 
Fang  by  the  Rev.  H.  M.  Adams  and  the  Rev  A.  W.  Marling, 

^-aud— th'CT  BttR-b}'  lliC~Rg^;-'A.  The  struc¬ 

tural  differences  between  these  are  slight;  the  dissimilarity 
being  mostly  in  vocabulary.  They  are  easy  of  acquisition 
by  foreigners.  Scores  of  other  dialects  exist,  e.  g.,  the 
^  Kombe,  Mbiko,  Orungu,  Nkami,  etc.,  for  writing  which  no 
necessity  arises,  the  Benga,  Mpongwe^  I^ang  and-~Bu4e 
answering  all  ■present  wants.  * 

The  entire  New  Testament  and  parts  of  the  Old,  with 
Hymn-book,  Catechism,  “Peep  of  Day,”  “  Come  to  Jesus,  ” 
and  other  small  books,  are  printed  in  both  Benga  and 
Mpongwe,  and  a  Primer  and  the  Gospels  in  Buie. 

French  is  required  by  the  government  to  be  taught  in  our 
schools  within  French  territory,  and  if  a  foreign  language  is 
taught  within  German  territory  it  must  be  the  Geimau.  In 
both,  however,  instruction  is  given  largely  in  the  vernacular 
as  the  main  dependence  in  imparting  spiritual  truth. 

(4)  Thez'e  is  no  zvorship  in  the  proper  sense  of  that  word. 


6 


HISTORICAI,  SKETCH  OF 


The  natives  have  a  religion,  but  it  is  a  superstition  called 
Fetishism.  It  does  not  come  as  near  to  a  worship  of  God  as 
idolatry  does,  for  the  idolater  professes  to  worship  God 
through  the  symbol  of  the  idol,  but  the  African  negro,  though 
distinctly  admitting  the  existence  of  a  supreme  being  as  a 
creator  and  father,”  gives  him  no  actual  worship.  Sacri¬ 
fices  are  made  of  food,  and  occasionally  of  blood — sometimes 
human — to  spirits,  to  which  prayers  are  regularly  offered  at 
the  new  moons,  by  the  village  patriarch  or  his  deputies,  and 
at  other  times  by  any  individual  in  sudden  danger.  But 
these  prayers  have  no  confession  of  sin,  no  thanks,  no  praise. 
Fetishism  consists  in  the  wearing  of  charms  or  amulets  to  aid 
in  the  accomplishment  of  any  given  wish,  or  to  ward  off  the 
machinations  of  a  possible  enemy.  These  charms  may  liter¬ 
ally  be  anything — a  shell,  a  bone,  even  a  rag  that  has  been 
consecrated  by  the  fetish  doctor,  who  professes,  with  his 
drugs  and  incantations,  to  inject  into  it  a  spirit,  by  whose 
efficiency  the  sick  are  to  be  healed,  and  the  hunter,  trader, 
warrior,  gardener,  etc. ,  etc. ,  made  successful.  Rules  are  also 
to  be  obeyed  of  abstaining  from  certain  kinds  of  food,  refrain¬ 
ing  from  contact  with  certain  articles,  avoiding  certain 
localities,  etc  These  rules,  and  the  dread  of  malignant 
spiritual  influences,  whose  power  is  thus  to  be  placated,  make 
the  religion  of  the  native  negro  a  bondage  of  fear. 

„  ,  .  Work  among  the  natives  is  pleasant  and  hope- 

Characteristics  because  of— (i )  Their  receptivity. — In  our 
itinerations  and  village  preaching  they  are 
attracted  by  the  singing  of  hymns,  listen  with  curiosity, 
and  give  a  prompt  assent  to  the  truth  and  excellence  of  the 
gospel  message,  not  often  disputing,  though  objecting  to  the 
practical  application  of  the  decalogue  to  their  lives  and  cus¬ 
toms.  We  are  not  deceived  by  this  ready  assent.  It  does 
not  arise  from  a  welcome  of  the  Saviour,  whose  name  and 
gospel  is  utterly  new  to  them,  but  from  an  absence  of  any 
regular  system  of  theology.  Having  no  such  system  for 
which  to  fight,  they  accept  our  statements  out  of  a  race- 
reverence  and  personal  respect  and  courtesy.  But  even  this 
gives  us  an  opportunity  of  giving  instruction  which  prepares 
the  way  for  the  truth  to  enter  in. 

(2)  Their  hospitality. — Though  not  cordial  to  strangers, 
they  are  warm  in  their  welcome  of  members  m  tribes  or 
families  with  whom  they  have  marriage  or  commercial  rela¬ 
tions.  And  they  are  particularly  polite  in  their  reception  of 
all  foreign  visitors,  such  as  traders  and  missionaries.  When 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  AFRICA. 


7 


we  acknowledge  the  claims  for  recognition  of  the  village 
i'hiefs,  and  formally  make  ourselves  their  guests,  we  are  at 
once  accorded  the  freedom  of  the  town,  to  go  where  and  do 
as  we  please  in  its  huts  and  around  its  fires;  food  is  provided, 
the  best  hut  cleared  for  our  use,  and  our  persons,  boat,  goods 
and  crew  are  perfectly  safe.  This  hospitality  and  honesty 
are,  indeed,  but  a  thin  covering  to  a  wild  nature;  for,  if  we 
independently  encamp  in  a  forest  near  a  village,  we  may  be 
robbed,  and  then  there  is  no  redress.  But  even  such  hospi¬ 
tality  renders  us  safe;  and  the  slight  gifts  expected  to  be  made 
in  parting  are  no  more  than  would  be  given  in  payment  for 
food  and  lodging  in  a  civilized  country. 

(3)  Their  kindness. — Each  missionary  on  arrival  is  ad¬ 
dressed  with  the  title  of  ‘  ‘  father  ”  or  “  mother;  ’  ’  and  the 
pleasant  feelings  that  soon  grow  up  between  teacher  and  pupil 
or  employer  and  employes  become  strong  and  often  tender. 
We  are  not  called  by  opprobrious  names,  nor  looked  upon 
with  suspicion  or  coldness.  This  is,  in  general,  true;  but, 
in  connection  with  the  new  stations  along  the  Ogowe,  the 
missionaries  have  had  more  trouble  with  the  fierce  and  w^ar- 
like  Fang  tribe,  who  are  disposed  to  encroach  upon  mission 
rights.  Courage  and  prudence  on  the  part  of  the  occupants 
have  so  far,  however,  compelled  respect. 

(4)  Their  docility. — They  are  obedient,  as  children  or  ser¬ 
vants.  We  are  accorded  large  authority,  much  the  same  as 
native  chiefs  have  in  their  villages.  Indeed,  that  was  the 
position  that  was  formally  voted  in  the  council  of  Corisco 
chiefs  to  Mr.  Mackey  and  his  successors  on  his  location  on 
that  island.  The  same  is  more  or  less  true  in  other  parts  of 
our  field,  according  as  the  missionary’s  own  character  is 
personally  an  impressive  one.  On  his  own  premises  he  is 
sometimes  as  father  to  children,  teacher  to  pupils,  master 
to  employes,  judge  to  transgressors  and  magistrate  to 
offenders. 

Unfavorable  ^  ^  Want  of  ejfective  government  sometimes 
Features  interferes  with  comfort  at  our  stations.  Un¬ 
kind  feelings,  engendered  by  jealousy  or  slan¬ 
der  or  misunderstanding,  lead  to  petty  outrages,  which, 
if  submitted  to,  open  the  way  to  greater  and  more  audacious 
acts,  for  which  no  immediate  redress  can  be  obtained. 
Rightly  to  deal  with  such  cases  calls  for  patience,  prudence, 
decision  and  tact. 

{2)  Indolence  is  natural  to  the  people.  Their  wants,  being 
few  in  food  or  clothing,  are  easily  supplied  from  the  rivers. 


8 


historical  sketch  of 


their  women’s  farms,  and  from  the  forest.  They  have  no 
trades,  and  but  very  limited  arts  of  rude  house  and  boat" 
building,  carpentering  and  blacksmithing.  When  they  pro¬ 
fess  Christianity  their  change  of  heart  does  not  at  once  and 
entirely  make  them  diligent  where  there  is  small  occasion 
for  diligence;  and  the  native  Christian,  left  to  himself,  lives 
like  his  heathen  fellows,  excepting  their  vices.  It  is  neces¬ 
sary,  therefore,  to  teach  them  industries,  and  stimulate 
ambition.  Unlike  some  tribes  of  southern  Africa,  they  are 
willing  to  change  their  rude  tools  and  utensils,  readily  accept 
ours,  and  are  glad  to  be  taught  carpentering.  This  is  a  field 
in  which  lay  missionaries,  e.g.,  mechanics,  are  especially 
useful . 

(3)  Slavery  probably  existed  in  Africa  as  a  punishment 
for  crime  long  before  it  was  stimulated  to  the  seizure  of  weaker 
neighbors  and  tribes,  to  supply  a  foreign  market.  The 
united  influence  of  the  many  missionary  societies  that  line 
the  coast,  and  the  efforts  of  one  Christian  nation  after  another, 
have  broken  up  the  trade  in  Guinea  negroes.  There  is  now 
not  a  single  slave  exported  from  the  west  coast  of  Africa, 
although  it  is  still  done  clandestinely  on  the  east  coast.  And 
while  suppressed  on  the  west  coast,  it  exists  unrestrained 
as  a  domestic  institution,  the  criminal  class  being  passed 
‘  ‘  down  river  ’  ’  from  the  interior  to  the  coast .  Their  presence 
as  the  labor-class  makes  labor  to  the  native  eye  dista.steful 
and  dishonorable,  giving  to  the  native  Christian  a  plea  for 
and  temptation  to  idleness. 

(4)  Intemperance  is  a  sad  obstacle.  The  natives  have  their 
own  beer,  made  from  over-ripe  plantains  and  bananas,  and  a 
sour  wine  from  the  sap  of  the  oil  and  bamboo  palms.  But 
they  have  learned  to  like  the  more  intoxicating  qualities  of 
our  imported  rum,  gin  and  whiskey.  These  are  obtained  in 
abundance  at  almost  all  the  English,  Scotch,  German,  and 
other  foreign  trading-houses  and  dram-shops  at  the  depots  of 
the  steamers  and  other  vessels  of  commerce  on  the  coast  and 
up  the  rivers.  Were  it  not  for  the  use  of  foreign  liquors  in 
a  trade  otherwise  legitimate  and  commendable,  the  concur¬ 
rent  testimony  of  our  own  and  adjacent  missions  is  that  our 

^  native  church  membership  would  be  vastly  greater.  What 
a  record  against  the  Protestant  Christianity  of  Great  Britain 
and  Germany  and  America! 

(5 )  Polygamy,  with  its  kindred  vices,  is  a  bitter  root, 
which  develops  into  a  tree  whose  thorny  arms  meet  us  at  every 
path.  It  debases  woman,  disregards  marriage,  destroys  the 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  AFRICA, 


9 


family,  and  interferes  with  our  control  of  female  pupils.  It 
makes  marriage  difficult  for  Christian  young  men  who  desire 
to  be  monogamists;  and,  inwrought  into  the  customs  of 
society  in  many  unmentionable  forms,  follows  our  native 
members  to  the  door  and  even  into  the  church.  The  debase¬ 
ment  which  it  has  wrought  in  the  minds  of  the  natives  has 
sapped  virtue  and  chastity .  It  is  a  sad  fact  that  many  white 
men,  representatives  of  civilization,  trading  on  the  coast,  by 
adopting  polygamy  and  encouraging  kindred  vices,  while 
they  deprive  lust  of  none  of  its  evils,  give  it  a  dignity  that 
even  heathenism  did  not  claim  for  it. 


MISSION  STATIONS. 


/ 


2^3 


> 


(i)  The  Gaboon  district  was  occupied  June 
Baraka  2  2d,  1842,  by  the  American  Board  of  Com- 

missioners  for  Foreign  •  Missions  at  Baraka 
station,  wem  Libreville,  on  the  Gaboon,  an  estuary  or  inlet 
of  the  ocean,  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  ■fifteenr miles 
north  of  the  equator.  This  was  really  a  transfer  of  a  mis¬ 
sion  which  had  been  begun  eight  years  before  at  Cape 
Palmas.  The  founders  of  the  Gaboon  Mission  were  Rev.  * 
J.  L.  Wilson^  ■*^ev.  Benjamin  Griswold,  Rev.  Albert 
,Bushnell,  and  Rev.  William  Walker,  accompanied  by  their 
wives.  Mr.  Walker,  the  last  survivor  of  the  original  band, 
passed  away  Dec.  9,  1896.  He  went  first  to  Cape  Palmas,  / 
Liberia,  but  was  transferred  to  Gaboon  in'rST^^  For  thirty 
years  after  he  was  most  of  the  time  in  Africa,  and  the  cor¬ 
ner-stone  of  the  church,  of  the  Mpongwe  literature,  and  the 
civilization  within  Gaboon  Mission  was  chiefly  laid  by  his 
hands,  and  by  his  associate.  Rev.  Albert  Bush nell .  ^TTther 
names  identified  with  the  mission  are  White,  Porter,  Pres¬ 
ton,  Best,  Ford,  Pierce,  Herrick,  Adams,  Jack,  St.  John, 
Reading,  Marling,  Murphy,  and  a  few  others  of  short 
residence. 

Mr.  Griswold’s  name  is  connected  with  a  second  station, 
Ozyunga,  two  miles  distant  from  Baraka,  which  was  finally 
abandoned  ;  Rev.  Ira  M.  Preston’s  name  with  a  third  station, 
Olendebenk,  twenty-five  miles  up  the  estuary  from  Baraka," 
which  also,  because  of  tribal  wars  and  other  causes,  was 
abandoned  :  the  names  of  Revs.  E.  J.  Pierce,  H.  P.  Her¬ 
rick  and  H.  M.  Adams,  with  Nengenenge,  sixty  miles  up 
the  estuary.  This  station,  after  being  forsaken  for  twenty 
years  because  of  its  unhealthfulness,  was  resumed  in  1881, 


lO 


historical  sketch  of 


but  it  was  destroyed  by  a  F'reiich  gunboat  not  long  after, 
and  a  new  station  was  opened  at  Angoni,  ten  miles  beyond. 

In  1843  intrigues  were  begun  which,  in  1844,  resulted  in 
the  possession  of  that  part  of  the  coast  by  France,  and  the 
erection  of  a  colonial  government,  with  headquarters  at 
Gaboon.  Successes  in  mission  work  and  native  conver¬ 
sions  in  1849  aroused  heathen  opposition  and  actual  perse¬ 
cution  of  native  Christians. 

Rev.  Messrs.  Preston  and  Best  prepared  a  grammar  and 
part  of  the  Gospels  in  the  Dikele  dialect.  Henry  A.  Ford, 
M.U.,  was  a  skilful  physician,  and  wrote  a  monograph  on 
African  fevers,  which  is  a  standard  for  reference  on  that 
subject.  The  names  of  Mrs.  Walker,  Mrs.  Preston  and 
Mrs.  Bushnell  are  especially  connected  with  the  Baraka 
girls’  school.  Scanty  reinforcements  and  frequent  returns 
of  those  disabled  by  illness  left  Gaboon  in  1870  with  only 
one  station,  Baraka.  In  April,  1871,  this  station  was  trans¬ 
ferred  to  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  and 
the  work  was  united  with  that  at  Corisco,  under  the  name 
of  the  ‘  ‘  Gaboon  and  Corisco  Mission  ’  ’  Reinforcements 
were  sent  to  Baraka,  and  it  was  for  some  time  the  central 
station  of  the  mission.  Tying  on  the  Gaboon  River,  ten 
miles  from  the  sea,  it  is  a  depot  for  steamers,  and  has  all 
the  advantages  as  well  as  the  drawbacks  of  a  port  of  entry. 
Rev.  W.  C.  Gault  and  Mrs.  Gault  labored  here  for  some 
years,  and  after  their  transfer  to  Batanga  Rev.  Dr.  Nassau, 
Mr.  E.  A.  Ford,  Mrs.  T.  S.  Ogden,  and  Mr.  E.  Presset,  a 
French  teacher,  carried  on  much  evangelistic  and  educa¬ 
tional  work,  extending  the  influence  of  the  mission  for 
many  miles  around.  There  is  a  church  with  70  members, 
now  under  the  oversight  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Nassau,  the  patri¬ 
arch  of  the  African  mission.  Schools  were  at  first  taught 
in  the  Mpongwe  tongue,  but  after  the  French  began  to 
enforce  their  claim  to  this  region  in  1878,  their  requirement 
that  all  instruction  should  be  given  in  French  necessitated 
the  employment  of  teachers  who  could  use  that  language. 
Then  began  brighter  days.  Baraka  has  since  been  strength¬ 
ened  in  the  number  of  workers  ;  its  work  has  grown,  the 
church  has  increased. 

^  The  distinctive  importance  of  Gaboon  parish  is  geograph¬ 
ical  and  financial.  "Ba»tkn  the  depot  of  steamers  ; 

our  supplies  were  kept  there  ;  it  was  oun  post-office,  and, 
being  central,  most  of  our  mission  and  Pre^ytery  meetings 
were  held  there. 


THE  MIS^U»NS  IN  AFRICA.  II 

Since  1893,  these^ave  been  transferred  to  Batanga, which 
is  the  centre  at  present.  The  schools  formerly  carried  on  in 
the  Mpongwe  dialect  were  closed  because  of  the  restrictions 
of  the  French  Government,  which  requires  all  instruction  to 
be  given  in  the  French  language.  Within  the  past  few 
years,  however,  schools  have  been  conducted  by  French 
teachers  connected  with  our  mission,  secured  through  the 
kindness  of  the  Societe  des  Missio7is  Evangeliques  of  Paris. 

(2)  The  Corisco  district  was  occupied  as  a 
Corisco  distinct  mission  by  the  Presbyterian  Board 

in  1850.  Corisco  is  a  beautiful  island,  five 
miles  long  and  three  wide,  sixty  miles  north  of  the  equator, 
and  fifteen  to  twenty  miles  from  the  mainland  on  Corisco 
bay.  The  dialect  is  the  Benga.  Among  the  workers  here 
were  Rev.  J.  L,.  and  Mrs.  Mackey,  Rev.  C.  and  Mrs.  De 
Heer,  and  Rev.  Ibia  JTkenge,  whose  lives  cover  the  thirty- 
one  years  from  1850  to  1881.  Associated  with  them  are  the 
names  of  Simpson,  Clemens,  McQueen,  Williams,  Ogden, 
Loomis,  Clark,  Nassau,  Pauli,  Reutlinger,  Menaul,  Gilles¬ 
pie,  and  others  of  shorter  residence. 

Messrs.  Mackey  and  Simpson  were  the  founders  of  the 
first  Corisco  station  at  Evangasimba,  where  the  former  left 
his  impress  upon  the  natives  as  a  man  of  sterling  integrity, 
good  judgment  and  tact.  A  second  station,  Ugobi,  two 
miles  south  of  Evangasimba,  was  soon  opened,  where  Rev. 
G.  and  Mrs.  Georgiana  (Bliss)  McQueen  are  remembered  as 
careful  trainers  and  educators,  their  pupils  being  noted  as 
excellent  interpreters  and  English  speakers.  A  third  sta 
tion,  Elongo,  three  miles  north  of  Evangasimba,  was  estab¬ 
lished,  where  Rev.  William  and  Mrs.  Clemens  were  known 
for  their  labor  for  pupils  from  the  mainland,  whither  Mr.  C. 
made  numerous  and  long  boat-journeys.  A  fourth  station, 
Maluku,  was  located  near  Evangasimba,  and  here  lived  the 
careful  translator  and  conscientious  pastor.  Rev.  T.  S. 
Ogden.  To  the  care  of  himself  and  Mrs.  Ogden  was  trans¬ 
ferred  Mrs.  Mackey’s  flourishing  girls’  school,  which  after¬ 
wards  passed  successively  into  the  hands  of  Mrs.  Maria 
(Jackson)  Clark  and  Mrs.  Mary  (Latta)  Nassau.  This 
school  was  finally  placed  at  Elongo,  under  the  care  of  Rev. 
C  and  Mrs.  De  Heer  and  Mrs  Reutlinger,  on  the  occasion 
of  the  removal  of  the  work  at  Maluku  (and  eventually  that 
of  Evangasimba)  to  the  mainland  at  the  Benito  river.  Ugobi 
had  previously  been  consolidated  with  Elongo,  the  four 
Corisco  stations  being  thus  reduced  to  one. 


12 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


Corisco  had  been  selected  as  a  mission  basis  under  two 
beliefs — (i)  that  its  insular  position  would  assure  exemption 
from  fever  :  (2)  that  missionary  effort  should  be  spent  in 
carefully  educating  natives,  who  would  then  undertake  the 
danger  and  exposure  of  carrying  the  gospel  to  the  distant 
regions.  Neither  of  these  was  realized.  The  island  was 
found  to  be  quite  as  feverish  as  the  mainland  ;  the  confine¬ 
ment  of  teaching  was  less  healthful  than  the  exercise  of 
travel ;  and  the  chronic  tribal  quarrels  made  it  impossible  for 
our  native  agents  to  go  any  great  distance  from  their  own 
tribe.  It  was  found  that  missionaries  could  travel  with 
advantage  to  their  own  health  and  with  more  safety  from  the 
hands  of  rude  distant  tribes  than  the  native  Christians 
could.  It  was  therefore  not  discouragement  or  weakness 
3  that  reduced  the  lo^  Corisco  stations  to  the  present  single 

at  Elongo.  _ 

The  distinctive  importance  of  Corisco  is  as  a  field  for 
encouraging  native  self-support  and  self  reliance,  the  entire 
care  of  the  district,  church,  school,  etc.,  being  placed  in 
the  hands  of  the  native  ordained  minister.  Rev.  Mr.  Ibia 
JTkenge,  the  first  convert  baptized  on  the  island.  The 
church  has  a  membership  of  125,  with  several  out-stations. 
In  1896  two  congregations  built  chapels  for  themselves,  and 
the  pastor  is  encouraged  by  the  gradual  spread  of  Christian 
ideas,  and  the  manifest  elevation  of  the  moral  tone  of  the 
island,  through  the  education  of  the  girls  and  women. 

The  Presbytery  of  Corisco,  formed  in  i860,  now  super¬ 
vises  all  the  churches  embraced  in  our  Mission  field.  It  is 
attached  to  the  Synod  of  New  Jersey. 

As  long  ago  as  1858  a  visit  was  made  to  Corisco  by  a 
Spanish  war  vessel  bearing  a  proclamation  from  the  govern¬ 
or  of  Fernando  Po,  to  the  effect  that  only  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion  should  be  taught  on  the  island.  The  only 
notice  taken  of  this  was  a  memorial  to  the  United  States 
Government,  which  led  to  an  examination  of  the  claim 
made,  and  the  discovery  that  it  was  without  foundation. 

This  seemed  at  the  time  to  end  the  matter,  as  the  newly 
imported  priests  and  nuns  left  the  island  at  once.  In  1885, 
however,  the  claim  of  Spain  was  revived,  in  antagonism  to 
that  of  France.  Roman  priests  were  again  sent  to  Corisco 
and  the  attempt  to  prohibit  all  Protestant  teaching,  in  any 
language,  was  renewed.  The  question  has  been  referred  to 
the  State  Department  of  Washington. 

These  rival  powers  have  greatly  hampered  the  work  of 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  AFRICA. 


13 


the  Presbyterian  Board  in  this  region,  but  the  Word  of 
God,  translated  into  the  Mpongwe  and  Benga  dialects,  is  a 
voice  which  cannot  be  altogether  stifled  by  any  strife  of  men. 

(3)  Angom^  on  the  river  Gem©-,  the  north- 
Angom  ern  branch  of  the  Gaboon,  was  occupied  in 

1881.  It  affords  a  vast  and  promising  held 
for  missionary  labor,  being  a  central  point  among  the  large 
and  vigorous  Fang  tribe.  Forty-three  villages  can  be 
reached  by  land  within  a  few  hours.  Rev.  A.  W,  and  Mrs. 
Marling  labored  earnestlj^  here  for  many  years,  with  the 
assistance  of  Mrs.  T.  S.  Ogden,  who  in  the  absence  or  ill¬ 
ness  of  Mr.  Marling,  was  at  times  the  only  missionary  at 
the  station.  In  1892  Rev.  Mr.  and  Mrs  Bannerman  were 
transferred  here  from  Talaguga,  but  spent  only  a  short  time 
at  the  station  when  a  protracted  absence  l)ecame  necessary 
because  of  ill-health.  A  church  was  organized  in  1894, 
which  now  numbers  thirty-seven  members.  Mr.  Marling 
translated  Genesis  and  Matthew  into  the  Fang  language, 
and  prepared  a  “  First  Reading  Book”  and  Catechism,  with 
ten  hymns  attached.  He  died  of  African  fever  in  1896, 
greatl}'^  lamented  by  the  mission,  the  native  Christians  and 
the  Church  in  the  home-land. 

„  ,  (4)  The  Ogoive  district  was  occupied  by  Rev. 

R  H.  Nassau  in  1874,  at  Belambila,  on  the 

^  ^  Ogowe  river,  150  miles  up  its  course.  A 
house  was  built  here  among  the  friendly  Bakele,  but  the 
jealousy  of  other  tribes  made  it  unsafe  to  remain.  In  1876 
the  station  was  removed  twent}’^  miles  down  the  river  to 
Kangwe  Hill,  among  the  Galwa,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  Government  Post  at  Rembarene.  Here  Dr.  Nassau  was 
joined  by  his  sister,  Miss  Isabella  A.  Nassau,  the  first  white 
woman  to  enter  the  Ogowe.  This  location  was  chosen  in 
the  consistent  pursuance  of  what  has  been  ever  the  objec¬ 
tive  point  of  the  mission,  the  interior.  The  failure  to  find 
a  path  via  either  the  Gaboon,  the  Muni  (at  Corisco),  or  the 
Benito,  led  to  the  attempt  of  the  Ogowe,  whose  entrance 
had  recently  been  forced  by  trading  steamers.  This 
attempt  was  stimulated  by  the  very  general  feeling  in  the 
home  churches  that  our  duty  was  unfulfilled  unless  an  im¬ 
mediate  advance  was  made  interior  ward. 

In  1876  Count  Pierre  Savorgnan  de  Brazza,  a  lieutenant 
in  the  French  navy,  accompanied  by  MM.  Marche  and  Bal- 
lay,  carefully  explored  and  surveyed  the  Ogowe  to  its  sources. 
Near  those  sources  he  found  iii  1878  other  streams,  flowing 


14 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


south  and  east.  On  a  second  journey  he  descended  one  of 
those  streams,  the  Alima,  and  found  that  it  flows  into  the 
Congo,  near  Stanley  Pool,  thus  proving  a  practicable  route 
for  our  advance. 

The  original  plan  was  to  form  a  chain  of  stations  from 
Kangwe  to  the  Congo  basin,  if  it  were  found  practicable. 

A  second  station,  Talaguga,  -terr  miles  up  the  river,  among  • 


the  Fang  tribe,  was  occupied  in  1882  by  Dr.  Nassau  and  Mrs. 
Mary  (Foster)  Nassau,  whose  lamented  death  in  1884  led  to 
the  transfer  of  Miss  I.  A.  Nassau  from  Kangwe  to  that 
station.  From  this  outpost,  itineration  by  boat  was  car¬ 
ried  on  in  both  directions  with  many  tokens  of  divine 
blessing. 

In  1885  Rev.  A.  C.  Good  took  up  the  work  at  Kangwe 
^’’""‘'’^and  trough  his^itinerating  efforts  along  the  river  and 
around  the  lakes  connecting  with  the  Ogowe,  there  was  a 
precious  work  of  grace,  resulting  in  the  organization  of  two 
churches  in  1889,  one  at  Wambalia,  tw^tit5i.  miles  below 
K'angvve,  and  the  other  at  Igenja,  fifty  miles  below.  Early 
in  1892,  a  third  church  was  formed  at  Longwe,  and  a  new 
out-station  was  also  established  at  Enyonga,  eighty  miles 
below  Kflngwe,  among  the  Nk^mi  people,  a  branch  of  the 
Mpongwe  tribe. 

A  church  was  also  organized  at  Olamba,  and  the  whole 
number  of  communicants  had  increased  to  over  300.  Dr. 
Good  revised  the  entire  New  Testament  in  Mpongwe,  and 
prepared  a  new  hymn-book. 

This  promising  advance  was  interrupted  by  the  interfer¬ 
ence  of  the  French  government,  which  forbade  instruction 
in  the  vernacular,  and  laid  such  hampering  restrictions  on 
the  missionaries  that  the  Board  at  the  earnest  request  of  the 
Mission,  resolved  to  commit  the  w^ork  in  that  region  as  soon 
as  possible  into  the  hands  of  French  Protestants,  and  with- 


draw  by  degrees  from  French  territory.  In  accordance  with 


^  / 
y 


y. 


/ 


this  policy,  Talaguga  was  transferred  in  1892  and  Kangwe 
in  1893  to  the  Societe  des  Missions  Eva7igdiques  of  Paris. 

This  Society  finding  itself  unable  to  assume  further  respon¬ 
sibility  in  this  direction,  the  Board  is  constrained  to  retain 
Baraka  and  Angom. 

(5)  The  Benito  district  was  occupied  in  Janu- 
Benito  ary,  1865,  at  Mbade,  at  the  mouth  of  the 

Benito  River,  no  miles  north  of  the  equator. 

The  dialect  is  the  Kombe,  but  the  Benga  is^inderstood. 

Prominent  names  in  the  work  here  are  Rev.  George  PaulR  [f 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  AFRICA. 


15 


Rev.  R.  H.  Nassau  and  Mrs.  Nassau,  Rev.  S.  H.  Murphy 
and  Mrs.  Murphy,  Miss  Isabella  A.  Nassau,  and  Rev.  C. 
DeHeer  and  Mrs.  De  Heer,  whose  lives  cover  the  twenty 
years  from  1865  to  1885.  Associated  with  them  are  the 
names  of  Reutlinger,  Kops,  Schorsch,  Menkel,  Gault  and 
Misses  Jones  and  Dewsnap.  Rev.  George  Pauli,  the  founder 
of  Mbade  station,  was  a  man  of  noble  character,  with  a  rare 
combination  of  strength  and  amiability,  of  untiring  labor 
and  deep  spirituality.  His  7eal  consumed  him.  He  lived 
in  Africa  but  thirteen  months,  only  three  of  which  were 
spent  in  Benito.  His  work  was  carried  on  and  enlarged  by 
his  immediate  successors,  Rev.  Messrs.  Nassau  and  Murphy. 
Mrs.  Mary  C.  Nassau,  with  a  spirit  like  that  of  George 
Pauli,  left  a  deep  impress  on  the  hearts  of  the  heathen,  and 
her  hymn-book  is  ever  on  the  lips  of  the  native  church. 
Mr.  Murphy’s  energy  called  out  the  self-reliance  of  the 
native  Christians.  With  his  aid  they  broke  the  power  of 
Ukuku  Society,  a  most  oppressive  superstition,  that  held  no 
native  life  of  worth  against  its  arbitrary  orders,  and  that 
subjected  even  the  lives  of  foreigners  to  frequent  annoyance 
and  actual  danger.  In  1869  a  second  station  was  built  at 
Bolondo,  two  miles  from  Mbade,  in  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
In  that  year  also  Mr.  Reutlinger  made  an  attempt  to  pene¬ 
trate  the  interior  by  way  of  the  Benito  River,  and  had  partly 
overcome  the  opposition  of  the  coast  jealousy,  when  he 
died  from  an  attack  of  erysipelas. 

Rev.  J.  De  B.  Kops,  during  his  short  stay  in  1872,  made 
a  favorable  impression  as  a  tliorough  teacher  and  trainer  of 
the  advanced  class  of  the  Bolondo  boys’  school.  After  his 
return  to  America  that  school-station,  and,  indeed,  much  of 
the  entire  Benito  work,  ecclesiastical,  educational  and  finan¬ 
cial,  was  carried  on  for  several  years  by  Miss  I.  A.  Nassau, 
aided  successively  by  Mr.  Menkel,  Miss  Jones,  Miss  Dewsnap 
and  a  native  minister. 

Mr.  P.  Menkel,  the  captain  of  the  mission  vessel,  has 
also  made  himself  useful  as  a  mechanic  in  erecting  mission- 
houses  and  churches. 

The  church,  numbering  over  200  members,  with  a  large 
Sunday-school,  is  under  the  charge  of  a  native  pastor.  This 
church  has  sent  off  two  colonies,  and  there  are  ten  out- 
stations.  Mrs.  De  Heer,  Mrs.  Reutlinger  and  Miss  Hulda 
Christensen  were  the  only  missionaries  permanently  stationed 
here  for  several  years  until  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Hick¬ 
man  in  189/.  Mrs.  De  Heer  has  prepared  a  Benga-English 


i6 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


and  English-Benga  dictionary,  and  revised  and  translated 
other  books,  such  as  ‘  ‘  Presbyterian  Paw,  ”  “  Bible  History,  ’  ’ 
and  “Jessiea’s  P'irst  Prayer.” 

The  importance  of  Benito  as  a  station  lies  in  the  industry 
of  its  people  and  the  missionary  character  of  the  native 
church.  The  fervor  of  George  Pauli  flows  on  in  the  life  of 
the  Benito  church ;  its  members  carry  on  several  out-mission 
posts  in  their  own  district ;  have  furnished  from  their  num¬ 
ber  efficient  elders  for  the  Corisco  and  Gaboon  churches; 
volunteered  the  first  native  assistants  for  the  advance  up  the 
Ogowe,  and  from  this  church  came  most  of  the  licentiates 
of  our  presbytery. 

Batafiga,  at  first  an  out  station  of  Benito,  was 
Batanga  made  a  regular  station  in  1889,  under  charge 

of  Rev.  B.  B.  Brier  and  Mrs.  Brier.  Mr.  Brier 
died  in  1890  after  a  brief  but  self-denying  servdce  and  Mrs. 
Brier  returned  to  the  United  States.  Rev.  G.  A.  Godduhn 
and  Mrs.  Godduhn,  and  the  Rev.  John  McMillan,  M.D., 
and  Mrs.  McMillan,  reached  Africa  in  1890,  and  were 
assigned  to  Batanga.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  McMillan  severed  their 
connection  with  the  Mission  in  June  1892.  After  four  years 
of  patient  and  effective  service,  Mr.  Godduhn ’s  health 
having  failed,  he  and  his  devoted  wife  felt  constrained  to 
withdraw  from  the  field  and  return  to  the  United  States. 

When  it  was  found  that  there  was  no  hope  of  advancing 
inland  by  way  of  the  Ogowe,  and  that  the  work  on  the  river 
was  seriously  hampered,  as  intimated  above,  the  main  centre 
of  our  mission  operations  was  transferred  to  Batanga,  which 
lies  within  German  territory,  and  gives  better  access  to  the 
interior.  The  territor}"  of  the  Station  extends  from  the 
Carnpo  River,  the  German  boundary  on  the  south,  to  Tittle 
Batanga,  giving  a  coast  line  of  about  80  miles,  and  extend¬ 
ing  indefinitely  into  the  interior. 

The  Rev.  W.  C.  Gault  and  Mrs.  Gault,  Mr.  E.  A.  Ford, 
Miss  I.  A.  Nassau,  Miss  Louise  Babe,  and  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
A.  C.  Good,  joined  the  station  in  1892,  Dr.  Good  intend¬ 
ing  to  work  in  the  interior.  A  year  later,  Charles  J.  Laffin, 
M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Laffin,  w'ere  added,  and  in  1894  Rev. 
Herman  Schnatz,  Mr.  Oscar  Roberts  and  Mrs.  Roberts.  In 
1895  Miss  Ida  Engles,  under  engagement  of  marriage  to 
Mr.  Schnatz,  arrived,  and  became  Mrs.  Schnatz. 

There  is  a  constant  and  encouraging  growth  in  the 
church  at  Batanga,  and  the  truth  is  spreading  in  the  sur¬ 
rounding  country.  Churches  have  been  formed  at  Ubenji, 


17 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  AFRICA. 


! 


Kribi,  EvujZie,  Myum^,  -an-d-fet&a..  Along  the  coast  several 
tribes  have  built  “prayer-houses”  of  their  own  accord, 
especially  the  Mabeya,  and  are  waiting  for  Christian  teachers, 
whom  they  promise  to  support. 

There  is  a  boarding-school  for  boys  and  another  for  girls, 
at  Batanga,  with  eight  day-schools  in  the  different  towns. 
It  was  hoped  to  escape  the  difficulty  as  to  language  under 
German  rule,  but  it  has  re-appeared  in  another  though  much 
less  exacting  form.  The  German  government  does  not 
forbid  the  teaching  of  the  vernacular,  but  requires  German 
in  addition  at  the  coast,  which  makes  it  necessary  for  the 
teachers  to  understand  that  tongue.  Many  native  dialects 
are  spoken  in  the  neighborhood,  and  much  trouble  has 
arisen  with  some  of  the  tribes,  who  object  to  having  their 
children  taught  in  the  Benga,  the  language  of  the  majority. 
So  strong  is  this  prejudice,  that  at  one  time  the  schools 
were  almost  deserted. 

to--uA»2w^;^he  Training  Class  for  African  preachers  is  under  the 
-ekftrg«  of  Miss  Isabella  A.  Nassau,  whose  long  experience 
in  Africa  gives  her  especial  fitness  for  this  most  import¬ 
ant  work. 

Medical  work  has  been  done  to  some  extent  and  with 
good  results.  The  natives  built  a  small  hospital,  and  a  dis¬ 
pensary  has  since  been  added. 

The  death  of  Mrs.  Baffin  in  November,  1894,  after  a 
brief  but  effective  service,  and  the  return  of  Dr  Baffin  to 
the  United  States  because  of  serious  illness,  threw  upon 
Mrs.  Roberts,  happily  a  regularly  trained  physician,  the 
entire  burden  of  the  medical  work.  Although  somewhat 
enfeebled  by  the  climate,  she  stood  bravely  at  her  post  until 
she  too  fell  a  victim  to  the  fatal  African  fever  in  May,  1896, 
leaving  behind  her  the  memory  of  work  well  and  lovingly 
done  for  the  Master.  The  station  remained  without  a  physi- 

Tcian  till  November  of  the  same  year  when  N.  H.  D.  Cox, 
M.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Cox  joined  the  mission. 

By  authority  of  the  Board  and  with  the 
Efulen  approval  of  the  Mission,  Dr.  A.  C.  Good, 

accompanied  by  native  carriers  only,  made 
several  tours  of  exploration  into  the  interior,  beginning 
July,  1892,  with  a  view  to  opening  mission  work  back  from 
the  coast.  He  penetrated  the  interior  to  a  point  about  150 
miles  from  Batanga,  passing  entirely  through  the  forest 
belt.  He  selected  as  a  site  for  the  first  station  a  hill  near 
Nkonemekak,  about  1,800  feet  above  sea  level,  and  called 


i8 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


by  the  natives  Efulen,  (“a  mingling”).  This  site  being 
subsequently  visited  by  a  committee  of  the  Mission,  was  on 
recommendation  approved  by  the  Board.  In  1893  Dr. 
Good,  the  Rev.  R.  H.  Milligan  and  Mr.  M.  Henry  Kerr 
were  assigned  to  the  work  of  establishing  a  station  at  this 
point,  the  two  latter  having  joined  the  Mission  a  few  months 
before.  A  little  later  Silas  F.  Johnson,  M.  D.,  and  Mrs. 
Johnson  and  Rev.  Melvin  Fraser  were  assigned  to  the 
Station.  Mr.  Kerr,  who  is  a  mechanic,  with  the  help  of 
native  workmen  whom  he  trained  for  the  purpose,  soon 
built  a  temporary  house,  and  later  a  more  permanent  one, 
together  with  the  necessary  furniture  ;  and  subsequently  a 
school-house  and  dormitory  for  bo5^s.  In  addition  to  the 
study  of  the  language,  and  looking  after  the  material  inter¬ 
ests  of  the  Station,  a  good  deal  of  itinerating  work  was 
done  by  the  missionaries  in  the  surrounding  towns  In  the 
intervals  between  his  tours  of  exploration ,  Dr.  Good  reduced 
the  Bull!  language  to  writing,  and  prepared  a  Primer,  and 
subsequently  translated  the  four  Gospels,  all  of  which,  with 
the  aid  respectively  of  the  American  Tract  Society  and  the 
American  Bible  Society,  have  been  printed  and  sent  to  the 
field.  The  Gospels  were  eagerly  welcomed  by  the  people, 
and  in  three  weeks,  twenty-eight  copies  were  sold. 

After  completing  this  work.  Dr.  Good  in  accordance  with 
the  plan  approved  by  the  Mission  and  the  Board,  made  an 
exploring  tour  to  the  east  and  southeast  of  Efulen,  covering 
some  400  miles.  Being  disappointed  about  carriers,  he 
returned  in  advance  of  the  time  he  had  fixed,  quite  out  of 
health,  and  was  immediately  seized  with  African  fever  to 
which  he  fell  a  victim  December  13,  1894.  He  was  greatly 
beloved  and  his  death  was  sincerely  mourned  not  only  b}^ 
the  Mission  but  by  the  Church  at  large.  History  will  accord 
him  a  prominent  place  in  the  ranks  of  the  missionary  explorers 
of  the  Dark  Continent. 

During  his  last  journey  Dr.  Good  had  selected 
ElatV4^  Ebolewo’e  as  a  site  for  the  second  station, 

which  was  subsequently  approved  by  the 
Mission  and  the  Board,  and  was  occupied  in  1895  by  Mr.  M. 
Henry  Kerr,  Rev.  Melvin  Fraser  and  the  Rev.  C.  W. 
McCleary,  the  last  named  having  joined  the  Mission  that 
year.  The  Rev.  W.  C.  Johnston  and  Mrs.  Johnston  having 
also  arrived  in  1895,  were  assigned  to  PTulen  in  place  of  Mr. 
Kerr  and  Mr.  Fraser.  The  name  Elatte  has  been  given  to 
the  Mission  settlement,  which  is  about  75  miles  east  of 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  AFRICA. 


19 


Efulen .  Both  a  temporary  and  more  permanent  house  have 
already  been  built,  together  with  a  slight  structure  for  a 
school-house,  and  evangelistic  and  educational  work  are 
fairly  begun.  More  recent  exploration  of  the  country  makes 
it  probable  that  Elatte  can  be  reached  from  Batanga  by  a  more 
direct  route  than  that  via  Efulen. 

During  one  of  Dr.  Good’s  journeys  of  explora- 
The  Dwarfs  tion,  he  came  upon  a  village  of  Dwarfs.  A 
detailed  statement  of  his  experience  is  given  in 
a  letter  which  will  be  found  in  The  Chiirch  at  Home  and 


Ab7'oad  o{  ]a.n\iary,  1894. 

“  His  lebtci^fell  under  the  eye  of  a  nobl^.-^Sr^istian  lady  in  Scot¬ 
land  whose  heartS^ad  been  deeply  touched'''5y  Mr.  stonley’s  reference 
to  the  Dwarfs  in  hiKhook,  “  ThroupJj''f5arkest  AfricaSi  After  corres¬ 
pondence  with  the  Bo^rd  of  For;pi^  Missions,  she  agr&*d  to  furnish 
funds  with  which  to  D^giu„<(M  sustain  mission  work  a^Hong  tt 
^Dwarfs,  provided  the  BQa«^would  undertake  it.  On  the  basi^^per 
heral  offer,  the  R^fp'f^mith  ^S^dner  Dunning  was  appomi^Q  to 
Gaboon  and  C^flsco  Mission  fovtlm  purpose  of  enten^g  upon  this’' 
workS^cE-feWe  Board  expects  to  appe^m  another  nufeionary  on  the 
same  bpi^i^when  he  can  be  found.  Mean^ihle,  Mir  Roberts  and  Mr. 
Hiejsman  oS<mr  Mission,  have  made  furtlmjii^xplorations  and  dis- 
cp^red  quite  a''«^niber  of  Dwarfs  hangmg^onrhe  outskirts  of  the 
[abeya  tribe.  It  iS'-fi^ed  that  because  of  the  mi^catory  habits  of 
these  people,  it  may  be  ibniid  difficuitro  do  permanentN^rk  among 
them,  but  the  present  purpo^^k^ro  reach  them  as  far  as  possible  in 
their  own  towns,  and  endeavm^^lfft^ring  some  of  the  most  promising 
youth  to  the  coast  for  instriKfuon  iu^ble  truth,  and  in  the  rudiments 
of  education.” 

Besides  the  schools  and  churches  enumerated, 
ments  ^  great  encouragement  is  found  in  the  following 
facts:- — 


(1)  There  is  earnest  desire  for  education  on  the  part  of 
many  of  the  natives. 

(2)  Increase  of  interest  in  civilization  is  shown  by  the 
natives  through  the  entire  mission  field. 

(3)  There  is  an  open  door  to  the  interior. 

(4)  Freedom  for  woman’s  work  is  absolute,  there  being 
nothing  in  the  native  ideas  or  customs  to  prevent  a  woman 
doing  all  that  her  time,  capability  and  strength  may  suggest 
in  either  village  itineration,  teaching  of  girls  and  women, 
or  higher  education  of  men. 

(5)  The  rapid  increase  of  native  licentiates  and  candi¬ 
dates  for  the  ministry,  promises  a  supply  of  native  pastors. 

(6)  A  disposition  to  .self-support  is  growing. 

(7)  There  is  a  general  increase  of  respect  for  law — a 
notable  instance  of  which  is  an  attempt  of  the  Benito  people 


20 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OP 


to  remedy  the  evils  of  the  prevalent  anarchy  by  setting  up  a 
government  modeled  on  a  limited  monarchy ,  which,  though 
imperfect,  showed  that  the  gospel  had  made  possible  an 
effort  toward  civilization. 

(8)  The  interest,  dating  from  the  travels  of  Tivingstone 
and  Stanley,  with  which  the  eyes  of  all  the  world  are  turned 
to  Africa. 

In  connection  with  these  recent  discoveries,  the  Congo 
Free  State,  embracing  about  25.000,000  inhabitants,  has 
been  secured  to  civilization  and  mission  effort  by  the  protec 
tion  of  the  great  powers  of  Europe.  All  these  events  cannot 
fail  to  have  an  important  bearing  on  missionary  labor  in  this 
land. 


Climate  and 
Health 


In  regard  to  the  objection  often  made  against 
missions  in  Africa,  that  it  is  the  “  white  man’s 
grave,”  it  is  just  to  say  : — 

(1)  In  so  large  a  country  as  Africa,  what  might  be  true 
of  one  part  would  not  necessarily  be  true  of  another  part. 
Statements  are  made  as  incorrectly  on  the  point  of  health  as 
they  are  on  the  point  of  heat.  The  average  of  heat  during 
the  year  in  the  Gaboon  and  Corisco  mission  is  80°  Fahren¬ 
heit,  and  it  never  reaches  above  98°  in  the  shade.  With 
the  exception  of  the  months  of  February  and  March,  the 
nights  are  comfortably  cool ;  and  in  June,  July  and  August 
blankets  are  required.  The  experience  thus  far  in  the 
interior  seems  to  promise  better  conditions  of  health  than  on 
the  coast. 

(2)  It  is  true,  that  there  has  been  great  loss  of  the  life 
of  white  men  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa.  This  has  been 
mainly  of  sailors  and  those  engaged  in  commerce,  many  of 
whom  live  lives  whose  character,  moral  or  hygienic,  gives 
reason  other  than  the  climate  for  their  deaths.  And  the 
fact  of  those  unexplained  deaths  has  operated  unjustly 
against  the  country’s  reputation. 

(3)  Certain  parts,  e.  g.,  Sierra  Leone  and  also  the  Upper 
Guinea  coast,  have  been  severe  on  even  missionary  life. 

(4)  As  the  equator  is  approached,  and  also  south  of  the 
equator,  health  improves.  The  mortality  in  the  Gaboon 
and  Corisco  mission  has,  therefore,  been  less  than  at  Liberia 
and  other  points  north. 

(5)  The  numerous  returns  of  workers  from  the  Gaboon 
and  Corisco  mission  have  not  all  been  due  to  ill-health. 
Unfitness  for  the  work,  and  difficulty  about  the  care  of 
children  have  been  frequent  causes. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  AFRICA. 


21 


(6)  Mental  depression,  due  to  the  painful  isolation  of 
African  mission  stations,  has  made  a  physical  condition  in 
which  fever-seeds,  not  otherwise  dangerous,  became  fatal. 
Some  of  the  earlier  deaths  were  induced  by  intense  home¬ 
sickness. 

(7)  All  these  causes  operate  less  now  than  formerly. 
People  know  better  how  to  take  care  of  health.  Profit  is 
made  by  the  experience  of  others.  Food  supplies  are  better. 
Household  arrangements  are  more  healthful.  Frequent 
mail  communications  and  the  fresh,  earnest  support  and 
practical  sympathy,  especially  of  the  Women’s  Foreign  Mis¬ 
sionary  Societies,  have  bridged  over  the  long  distance 
between  Africa  and  home-love,  and  made  less  painful  and 
depressing .  the  isolation  which  is  distinctive  of  an  African 
missionary’s  life. 


STATISTICS  1897. 


Missionaries .  30 

Native  workers .  50 

Churches  .  8 

Communicants . 1267 

Pupils  in  schools . 693 

Pupils  in  Sunday-school'^ . . 1323 


Liberia  Mission. 

_  .  The  mission  supported  in  part  by  the  Presby- 

andVisLrv  terian  Board,  under  the  care  of  the  Presbytery 

^  of  Western  Africa,  lies  in  the  republic  of  Liberia, 

whose  limits  are  7°  ^25'  N.  lat.  down  to  4°  44'  N.  lat., 
including  a  little  over  five  hundred  miles  of  sea-coast,  wfith 
an  average  width  in  the  interior  of  fifty  miles.  This  interior 
extension  may  be  increased,  the  territory  of  native  princes 
which  has  been  ceded  to  the  republic  not  having  very  definite 
eastern  limits 

The  first  settlement  on  that  coast  was  on  January  7,  1821, 
by  eighty-nine  free  blacks  who  sailed  from  New  York  in 
1820.  In  April,  1822,  a  colony  of  manumitted  slaves  from 
the  United  States  was  planted  by  the  American  Colonization 
Society,  which  for  twenty-five  years  retained  the  supervision 
of  them,  under  Governors  Ashmun,  Pinney  and  others,  until 


22 


HISTORICAL  SKLTCH  OF 


the  establishment  of  the  republic,  with  its  capital  at  Monrovia, 
on  July  26,  1847.  Various  missionary  boards,  representing 
all  the  evangelical  Christian  churches,  followed  with  their 
agents  those  who  had  gone  out  as  colonists. 

The  Government  is  modeled  on  that  of  the  United  States, 
having  a  President  with  his  Cabinet,  a  Senate  and  a  House  of 
Representatives.  Only  negroes  are  allowed  to  hold  office. 
There  is  no  established  church,  and  all  faiths  are  equally 
tolerated.  In  1896  the  population  comprised  about  20,000 
civilized  negroes,  chiefly  of  American  origin,  and  1,050,000 
half-wild  natives,  who  are  gradually  coming  under  the  in¬ 
fluence  of  civilization.  The  most  interesting  tribes  are  the 
Veys,  Bassos,  Kroos  and  Mandingoes. 

The  Government  has  formed  treaties  with  most  of  the 
European  countries,  with  Hayti  and  the  United  States.  But 
it  sufers  for  the  lack  of  honest  and  intelligent  officers  to 
carry  it  on.  Much  charity  may  be  allowed  Liberia  in  the 
experiment  it  is  making.  Very  few  of  the  colonists  at  first 
had  any  experience  in  national  affairs  or  political  life.  Most 
of  them  had  been  reared  in  servitude  and  dependence,  and 
the  new’  arrivals  of  manumitted  slaves,  sent  from  time  to 
time,  brought  with  rare  exceptions  only  poverty  and  ignor¬ 
ance.  This  is  part  of  the  burden  the  government  carries 
to-day.  Many  of  the  colonists,  instead  of  being  “mission¬ 
aries”  to  the  heathen,  became  degraded  themselves,  adopt¬ 
ing  all  the  vices  and  even  the  superstitions  of  heathenism. 
The  admirable  capabilities,  agricultural  and  commercial,  of 
the  country  have  been  developed  almost  solely  by  foreign 
capital  and  energy. 

,  The  first  mission  work  in  Liberia  was  done  by 
MissionLies  a  .slave  who,  having  bought  his  free¬ 

dom,  was  sent  thither  by  Baptist  aid  in  1821, 
and  labored  until  his  death,  in  j 828.  In  answer  to  an  appeal 
by  Governor  Ashmun  in  1825,  there  came  Swiss  mission¬ 
aries  from  Basle,  w’ho  finally  were  transferred  to  Sierra 
Leone. 

The  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
Missions  in  1834  sent  Rev.  J.  L.  Wilson,  who  settled  at 
Cape  Palmas.  Thither  followed  him  Rev.  Messrs.  White, 
Walker,  Griswold  and  Alexander  Wilson  and  their  wives. 
At  first  there  was  success  ;  but  after  some  reverses  the  mis¬ 
sion  was,  seven  years  later,  removed  to  Gaboon. 

The  Presbyterian  mission  was  commenced  in  February, 
1833,  at  Monrovia,  by  Rev.  J.  B.  Pinney,  the  more  special 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  AFRICA, 


23 


object  being  work  among  the  aborigines,  and  only  incident¬ 
ally  for  the  colonists.  Stations  were  extended  to  the  Kroo 
coast,  near  Cape  Palmas.  Messrs.  Laird,  Cloud,  Finley, 
Canfield,  Alward  and  Sawyer  lived  very  short  lives  in  the 
hostile  climate.  The  Board  then,  in  1842,  tried  the  experi¬ 
ment  of  sending  only  colored  ministers,  among  whom  were 
Rev.  Messrs.  Eden,  Priest  and  Wilson  ;  and  Settra  Kroo, 
Sinoe  (Greenville)  and  Monrovia  were  occupied.  The  place 
made  vacant  by  Mr,  Eden’s  death  was,  in  1847,  occupied  by 
Rev  H.  W.  Ellis,  a  freed  slave  from  Alabama.  The  Presby¬ 
tery  of  Western  Africa  was  constituted  in  1848,  and  attached 
to  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia.  But  it  was  found  that  Amer¬ 
ican  negroes  w^ere  not  exempt  from  fever,  and,  by  their  slave 
origin,  lacked  skill  for  the  conduct  of  affairs  ;  therefore 
other  white  men  were  sent  out,  notable  among  them  Rev. 
D.  A.  Wilson,  who  did  effective  educational  work  at  the 
Alexander  High  School,  established  at  Monrovia  in  1849. 
Mr.  B.  V.  R.  James,  a  colored  man,  also  carried  on  a  very 
successful  school,  his  integrity  and  ability  making  him 
remarkably  useful. 

After  many  discouragements,  there  came  a  year  of  bless¬ 
ing  in  1857.  Rev.  Messrs.  Amos  and  Miller,  colored  men, 
were  sent  in  1859  from  the  Ashmun  Institute  (now  Lincoln 
University),  and  Rev.  E.  W.  Blyden,  a  graduate  of  Alex¬ 
ander  High  School,  being  added  to  the  force,  two  new 
stations  were  opened.  Mr.  Amos  died  in  1864,  and  Mr. 
Miller  in  1865.  Rev.  Edward  Boeklen,  of  Germany,  sent 
to  take  charge  of  the  High  School  in  1866,  died  in  1868. 
The  climate  was  exceptionally  trying  to  white  missionaries, 
and  scarcely  less  so  to  the  colonist  negroes,  whose  birth  and 
hereditary  constitution  in  America  gave  them  an  unexpected 
susceptibility  to  fever. 

Liberia’s  entire  political  power  is  in  the  hands  of  the 
colonists.  The  appointment  of  white  missionaries  b}^  our 
Boards  to  superintend  the  financial  affairs  of  the  several 
missions  was  looked  upon  with  suspicion,  and  bred  animos¬ 
ity  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  Liberians.  This  feeling  did 
not  exist  toward  colored  ministers  from  this  country,  and  it 
was  thought,  therefore,  that  they  were  the  proper  persons  to 
be  sent  to  that  part  of  Africa.  The  success  of  this  policy 
is  still  to  be  demonstrated. 

The  Presbyterian  community  in  Liberia  is  small,  number¬ 
ing  probably  not  over  one  thousand.  The  Methodists  and 
Baptists  have  strong  stations  and  schools  in  the  north,  and 


24 


•  HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  is  working  in  the  south, 
with  headquarters  at  Cape  Palmas.  The  Lutherans  are 
stationed  at  Muhlenberg,  a  little  inland,  where  they  have  an 
excellent  school. 

There  are  few  common  schools  in  the  Liberian  republic 
under  government  care.  Almost  all  the  schools  are  sup¬ 
ported  by  foreign  missionary  funds.  There  is  a  college  at 
Monrovia,  supported  by  American  non-missionary  aid,  for  a 
short  time  under  the  presidency  of  Rev.  E-  W.  Blyden, 
LL.D.,  but  its  status  is  only  that  of  an  academy.  The 
teachers  of  the  foreign  missionary  schools  have  thus  far 
supplied  all  the  education  that  the  ordinary  demands  of  the 
country  seemed  to  require,  and  the  few  who  have  wished 
higher  education  have  obtained  it  by  going  to  America  for 
that  purpose.  This  is  not  found  by  experience,  however,  to 
be  the  best  way,  and  it  is  hoped  that  in  time  these  advantages 
may  be  offered  to  all  who  desire  them  in  their  own  land. 

For  years  past  the  policy  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions 
has  been  gradually  to  throw  the  responsibility  of  the  work 
in  Liberia  on  the  Presbytery  of  West  Africa.  With  a  fair 
measure  of  consecration  and  energy  on  the  part  of  pastors 
and  people  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why  the  churches 
under  its  care  should  not  speedily  become  self-supporting. 
It  is  the  constant  aim  of  the  Board  to  bring  them  to  ihe  point 
of  providing  not  only  for  their  own  pastors,  but  for  mission¬ 
ary  work  among  the  native  tribes. 

The  Presbytery  reported  in  1897  twelve  churches,  with 
384  members,  and  nine  ministers,  six  of  whom  are  supported 
by  the  people.  There  are  six  schools  under  the  care  of  the 
mission,  two  of  which  maintain  themselves;  173  pupils  are 
reported.  The  Alexander  High  School  at  Clay-Ashland 
takes  the  lead  in  educational  work ;  the  others  are  mixed 
boarding  and  day-schools. 

The  great  need  of  Liberia  now  seems  to  be  that 
The  Need  of  educated,  consecrated  ministers  and  teachers 
from  among  the  aborigines,  with  a  sufficient 
number  of  well-qualified  missionaries  to  guide  and  control 
their  work  until  those  shall  arise  from  their  own  people  who 
shall  be  equal  to  the  task. 


THE  MISSIONS  IN  AFRICA. 


25 


STATIONS  1897. 

GABOON  AND  CORISCO  MISSIONS. 

Baraka,  on  the  Gaboon  River,  near  the  equator,  10  miles  from 
the  sea;  occupied  as  a  station,  1842;  transferred  from  American 
Board,  1870;  laborers — Rev.  Robert  H.  Nassau,  D.D.,  M.D.,  Mr.  E. 
A.  Ford,  Mrs.  T  S.  Ogden  ;  outstation,  Corisco  on  Corisco  Island  ;  i 
native  preacher,  i  licentiate,  and  8  native  teachers  and  helpers. 

Angom,  above  Nengeneuge,  on  the  Como  River;  occupied  as  a 
station,  1881  ;  laborers — Rev.  W.  S.  Bannerman  and  Mrs.  Bannernian, 
Mrs.  Arthur  W.  Marling,  Rev.  Smith  G.  Dunning;  4  native  teachers 
and  helpers. 

BrniTO,  92  miles  north  of  Gaboon  ;  occupied  as  a  station,  1864  ; 
laborers — Mrs.  Louise  Reutlinger,  Mrs.  C-  De  Heer,  Miss  Hulda 
Christensen,  French  teacher,  Mous.  Emmanuel  Presset,  Rev.  Frank 
Myongo,  and  Rev.  Etiyani  Nye^iye ;  10  outstatious,  i  licentiate,  i 
Bible-woman,  and  14  native  teachers  and  helpers. 

BaTanga,  170  miles  north  of  Gaboon  ;  occupied  as  a  station,  1885  ; 
laborers — Rev.  W.  C.  Gault  and  Mrs.  Gault,  Mr.  Oscar  Roberts,  Rev.  F. 
D.  P.  Hickman,  H.  E.  Schnatz  and  Mrs.  Schnatz,  Newman  H.  D.  Cox, 
M.D.,  and  Mrs.  Cox,  Miss  Isabella  A.  Nassau,  Miss  Louise  A.  Babe, 
and  Capt  Peter  Mcnkel,  Rev.  Itongolo  ja  Ivina;  3  outstatious,  i 
licentiate,  16  native  teachers  and  helpers 

Efulen,  about  70  miles  southeast  of  Batanga  behind  the  coast 
belt ;  occupied,  1893  ;  laborers — Dr.  Silas  F.  Johnson  and  Mrs.  John¬ 
son,  and  Rev.  W.  C.  Johnston  and  Mrs.  Johnston. 

EIvAT^s^  about  75  miles  east  of  Efulen;  Rev.  Melvin  Fraser,  Rev. 
C.  W  McCleary,  Mr.  M.  H.  Kerr,  and  Albert  L.  Bennett,  M.D. 

.  LIBERIA  MISSION. 

Careysburg,  Rev.  R.  A.  M.  Deputie. 

Doh,  Rev.  George  B  Peabody. 

Granger,  Mrs.  S.  E.  Nurse. 


Missionaries  In  Western  Africa,  1833-1897. 

♦Died.  fColored.  ITraiisferred  from  the  American  Board.  Higure.s,  Term  of 

Service  in  the  Field. 

Gaboon  and  Corisco. 


Babe,  Miss  Louisa,  1892 
Bachcler,  H.  M. 

(M.  D.),  1879-1^83 

Bacheler,  Mrs.  1879-1883 

Bannerman,  Rev.  W. 

S.,  1890 

Bannerman,  Mrs.,  1890 
Bennett,  A.  L.,  M  D.,  1807 
*Boughton,  Miss  S.  J.,  1871-1873 
*Brier,  Rev.  B.  B.,  1889-1890 


Brier,  Mrs  ,  1889-1890 

^JBushnell,  Rev.  Albert,  1844-1879 
fBushnell,  Mrs.,  1852-1885 

Campbell,  Rev.  G.  C.,  1880-1887 
Campbell,  Mrs.,  1880-1887 

Christensen,  Miss 

Hulda,  1891 

Clark,  Rev.  W.  H.,  1861-1869 

Clark,  Mrs.  (Miss  M. 

M.  Jackson,  1858-),  1861-1869 


26 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF 


*Clenieiis,  Rev.  Wm.,  1853-1862 
*Clemeus,  Mrs.,  1853-1866 

Cox,  N.  H.,  M.  D.,  1896 

Cox,  Mrs.,  1896 

*De  Heer,  Rev.  Corne¬ 
lius,  1855-1889 

^De  Heer,  Mrs.,  1855-1857 

De  Heer,  Mrs.,  1864 

*Dewsnap,  Miss.  S.,  1875-1881 

Dunning,  Rev.  S.  G.,  1896 
Fraser,  Rev.  Melvin,  1894 
Ford,  Mr.  E.  A.,  1891 

Gault,  Rev.  W  C  ,  1881 

Gault,  Mrs.,  1881 

Gillespie,  Rev.  S.  E.,  1871-1874 
Gillespie,  Mrs.  (Miss 

M.  B.  White),  1873-1874 
Godduhn,  Rev.  G.  A.,  1890-1894 
Godduhn,  Mrs.,  1890-1894 

*Good,  Rev.  A.  C.,  1882-1894 

Good  Mrs.  (Miss  L.  B. 

Walker,  1877-),  1883-1895 

tHarding,  Miss  M.  L-,  1882-1889 
Hendricks,  Mrs.  S.  E.  1873-1874 
Hickman,  Rev.  Frank 
D.,  1895 

*Jacot,  Rev.  H.  L  ,  1890-1892 

Jacot,  Mrs.,  1890-1892 

Johnson,  Silas  F.,  M. 

D.,  1894 

Johnson,  Mrs.,  C*  1894 
Johnston,  Rev.  B.  W..  1895 
Johnston,  Mrs.,  1895 

Jones,  Miss  Lydia  1872-1888 
Kaufman,  Miss  C  ,  1855-1858 

Kerr,  Mr.  M.  H.,  1893 

Kops,  Rev.  J.  C.  de  B  ,  1871-1873 
Kops,  Mrs.,  1871-1873 

Laffin,  Chas.  J.,  M.  D.,  1893-1895 
■*Laffin,  Mrs.,  1893-1894 

Loomis,  C.  L.  (M.  D.),  1859-1861 
*Loomis,  Mrs.,  1859-1861 

*Mackey,  Rev.  Jas.  L  ,  1849-1867 
*Mackey,  Mrs.,  1849-1850 

Mackey,  Mrs.  Isabel.  1851-1867 
McCIeary,  Rev.  C.  W.,  1895 
McMillan,  Rev.  J., 

(M.  D.),  1890-1893 


McMillan,  Mrs.,  1890-1893 

*McQueen,  Rev.  Geo  ,  1852-1859 
McQueen,  Mrs.,  1854-18&5 

*Marling,  Rev.  A.  W.,  1880-1896 
Marling,  Mrs  (MissJ. 

B.  Cameron,  1879-),  1881 
Menaul,  Rev.  John,  1868-1870 
*Menaul,  Mrs., 


Menkel,  P. 
*Menkel,  Mrs. , 
*Menkel,  Mrs., 


1868-1870 

1873 

1874-1882 

1890-1894 


Milligan,  Rev.  R.  H.,  1893-1895 
Murphy,  Rev.  S.  H., 

1871-74;  1877-80 
Murphy,  Mrs.,  1871-1874 

Nassau,  Rev.  R.  H.,  D. 


D.  (M.  D.),  1861 

*Nassau,  Mrs.  (Miss  M. 

C.  Latta,  i860-),  1862-1870 

^Nassau,  Mrs.  Mary  F.,  1881-1884 
Nassau,  Miss  Isabella 
A.,.  1868 


^Ogden,  Rev.  Thos.  S.,  1858-1861 
Ogden,  Mrs.,  1858-1861;  1882 
*Paull,  Rev.  George,  1863-1865 
Reading,  Mr.  J.  H., 

1875-77;  1880-1888 
Reading, Mrs  ,1875-77;  1880-1886 
*Reutlinger,  Rev.  S.,  1866-1869 
Reutlinger,  Mrs. 

Louise,  1866 

Roberts,  Oscar,  1894 

^Roberts,  Mrs.  M.D.,  1894-1896 
Robinson,  Rev.  W.  H.,  1881-1886 
Robinson,  Mrs.,  1884-1886 

Schnatz,  Rev.  H.  E.,  1894 

Schnatz,  Mrs.  (Miss 
Engels).  1895 

Schorsch,  Rev.  W.,  1873-1876 

*Simpson,  G.  W  ,  1849-1851 

*Sinipson,  Mrs.  1849-1851 

*Smith, Mrs.  J.  M.  (Miss 
J.  M.  Lush,  1873- 
1876),  1876-1881 

Taylor,  G.  W.  (M.  D.),  1873-1874 
l^'^Walker,  Rev.  W.,  1879-1884 

Williams,  Rev.  E-  T.,  1853-1854 

Williams,  Mrs.,  ’853-1855 


*Alward,  Rev.  Jon¬ 
athan  P., 

Alward,  Mrs., 
*Amos,  Rev. Thomas 
H.,t 


Liberia. 

*Amos,  Rev.  James  R.,ti859-i864 
1839-1841  *Barr,  Rev.  Joseph,  1832-1832 
1839-1841  Blaine,  W.  H.,  t  1891 
Blyden,  Rev.  E.  W.,t 

1859-1869  1857-1861  ;  1873-1878 


the:  missions  in  AFRICA. 


27 


Blyden,Mrs.  t  1873-1878 

*Boeklen,  Rev.  Edward,  1866-1868 
Brown,  Mr.  H.  D.,  1882-1885 

^Canfield,  Rev.  Oren  K.  ,1839-1842 
Canfield,  Mrs.,  1840-1842 

•Cloud,  Rev.  John,  1833-1833 
Coke,  Miss  Louisa, t  1847-1848 
Connelly,  Rev.  J.  M.,  1844-1849 
*Cranshaw,  Mrs.  J.  D.  ,11888-1891 
•Deputie,  Rev.  J.  M.,  t  1869-1877 
Deputie,  Mrs.,t  1869-1877 

Deputie,  J.  M.,  Jr.,t  1888-1895 
Deputie,  Rev.  R..A. 

M.,t  1870 

Diggs,  Mrs.  E.  A.,t  1878-1881 
*Dillon,  Rev.  T.  E  ,t  1865-1879 
Dillon,  Mrs.,t  1865-1879 

^Donnell,  Rev.  D.  L.,t  1878-1879 
Donnell,  Mrs.,  (Mrs 
David), t  18S0-1881 

*Eden,  Rev.  James,  t  1843-1847 
Ellis,  Rev.  H.  W.,  t  1846-1851 
*Erskine,  Rev.  H.  W.,ti848-i876 
Ethrige,  Mrs.  R.  A.,f  1882-1887 
*Ferguson,  Mr.  D  C.,t  1863-1873 
*Finley,  Mr.  F.  J.  C.,t  1834-1835 
Flournoy,  P.  F.,t  1871-1876;  1882 
Frazier,  Rev.  D.  W. ,  f  1883-1896 
George,  S.J.,t  1891-1895 

*Harrison,  Rev.  Simon, 11854-1872 
Harrison,  Mrs.,  f  1854-1872 
*Herring,  Rev.  Amos,t  1854-1873 
Herring,  Mrs.,  f  1854-1873 

Herndon,  Mr.  Jas.  P.,f  1888-1891 
Hilton,  Rev.  J.W.  N. ,41889-1894 
•Herring,  Rev  Amos,t  1854-1873 
Herring,  Mrs.,  f  1854-1873 
•James,  Mr.  V.  B.  R.,t  1849-1868 
Jones,  Mrs.  M.,t  1880-1885 
Jones,  J.E.,t  1891-1895 

Kennedy,  Rev.  Z.  R., 41878-1882 
Kennedy,  Mrs.,  4  1878-1882 


King,  Mr.  A.  B.,4  1870-1895 

King,  Mrs.  B.,4  1870-1895 

King,  Robert  D.,  4  1891-1892 

•Laird,  Rev.  M.,  j  1833-1834 

Laird,  Mrs.,  1833-1834 

•McDonogh,  Mr.  W.,  4  1842-1871 
•Melville,  Mr.  F.  A.,  4  1856-1868 
•Miller,  Rev.  Armi- 

stead,  4  1859-1865 

Nurse,  Mrs.  S.  E.  (Mrs. 

Waters,  1876-),  4  18 — 

Parsons,  Mrs.  Mary 
E.,4  1855-1858 

Payne,  Mrs.  G.  C.,4  1893 

Peabody,  Rev.  G.  B.,  4  1895 
•Perry,  Rev.  Frank  B.,  1887-1895 
•Perry,  Mrs.,  1887-1888 

Pinney,  Rev-  J.  B., 

1832-35  ;  1839-1840 
•Priest,  Rev.  James 

M.,4  1843-1883 

•Priest,  Mrs.,  4  1843-1880 

•Priest,  Mr.  J.  R.,  4  1879-1880 

Priest,  Mrs.,  4  1879-1882 

•Roberts,  Rev.  Thos. 

H.,4  1888-1889 

•Sawyer,  Rev.  Robt.W.,  1840- 1843 
Sawyer,  Mrs..  1841-1849 

Sevier,  Rev.  S.  S.,  4  1884-1887 

•Strobel,  Miss  C.,  4  1850-1864 

Temple,  Mr.  James,  4  1833-1834 
Tytler,  Mr.  Ephraim, 4  1837-1839 
Van  Tyne,  Miss  C.,  1841-1844 

White,  Mr.  J.,  1855-1856 

White,  Mrs.,  1855-1856 

Williams,  Rev.  E.  T.,  1856-1860 
Wilson,  Rev.  David  A. ,1850-1858 
Wilson,  Mrs.,  1850-1858 

•Wilson,  Rev.Thomas, 41843-1846 
Witherspoon,  Mr.  M. 

M.,4  1862-1863 


Books  of  Reference. 

Abbeokuta  :  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  Yoruba  Mission.  Miss 
C.  Tucker.  3.^.  (id. 

Alexander  Mackay  of  Uganda.  By  his  Sister.  $1.50 
Adventures  in  the  Great  Forest  of  Equatorial  Africa.  Paul  du 
Chaillu.  $1.75 

Children  of  the  Kalahari.  $1.15. 

_ Crowned  in  Palm  Land.  R.  H.  Nassau.  $1.75. 

Eastern  Africa  as  a  Field  for  Missionary  Labor.  Sir  Bartle  Frere. 
5-y- 


28  HISTORICAI.  SKETCH  OF  THE  MISSIONS  IN  AFRICA. 


Egypt’s  Princes.  A  Narrative  of  Missionary  Labor.  $1.75. 
Expedition  to  the  Zambesi.  D.  Livingstone.  I5.00. 

First  Christian  Mission  on  the  Congo.  H.  Grattan  Guinness. 

Five  Years  with  the  Congo  Cannibals.  Herbert  Ward.  $2.25 
Forty  Years  among  the  Zulus.  Rev.  Josiah  Tyler 
Gaboon  Stories.  Mrs  S.  J.  Preston.  80  cents. 

Garenganze :  Seven  Years’  Pioneer  Work  in  Central  Africa. 

Fred.  S.  Arnot.  $1.25 

George  Pauli  of  Ben  it  .  S.  Wilson,  D.  D.  ;gi.oo. 

Glimpses  of  Western  Africa.  S.  J.  Whiton.  85  cents. 

How  I  found  Livingstone.  H.  M.  Stanley.  $3.50. 

In  Darkest  Africa.  H.  M.  Stanley. 

Life  of  Bishop  Hannington.  E.  C.  Dawson. 

Life  of  David  Livingstone.  Samuel  Smiles. 

Life’s  Adventures  in  South  Africa.  R.  Moffat.  75  cents. 
Missionary  Landscapes  in  the  Dark  Continent.  Rev.  Janies 
Johnston 

Missionarj'  Travels  and  Researches  in  South  Africa.  D.  Living¬ 
stone.  $1.75. 

Nyassa:  the  Founding  of  Livingstonia.  E.  D.  Young,  ys.  6d. 
Reality  versus  Romance  in  Africa.  James  Johnston,  M.  D. 

Sierra  Leone  ;  or  the  White  Man’s  Grave.  G.  A.  L.  Banbury. 

105.  6d. 

The  Congo,  and  the  Founding  of  Its  Free  State.  H  M.  Stanley. 

2V.  flO.OO 

The  Gospel  on  the  Banks  of  the  Niger.  S.  Crowther  and  J.  Taylor. 
$1.50. 

The  New  World  of  Central  Africa.  Mrs.  H.  Grattan  Guinness. 
$2.00. 

The  Ogowe  Band.  J.  H.  Reading.  $3.00. 

The  Story  of  Uganda.  S.  G.  Stock.  $1.25. 

The  Wild  Tribes  of  the  Soudan  F.  L.  Janies.  215 
Through  the  Dark  Continent.  H.  M.  Stanlev.  2v. 

Trophies  from  African  Heathenism.  Robert  Young,  F.R.S.,  G.S. 
Tropical  Africa.  H.  Drummond.  50 

Twenty  Years  in  Central  Africa;  the  Story  of  the  Universities’ 
Mission.  H.  Rowley.  35.  6d. 

Western  Africa.  J.  Leighton  Wilson,  D.D.  $1.25. 

Zulu  Land.  Rev.  Lewis  Grout.  50. 


•PHIUDCLPHIA- 


